The Theory of Everything

The String Theory

Hey guys hope you are having a great day i am Abhinav and i am back with another topic which is the string theory or the m-theory.so according to this theory every thing behaves the way its string particles vibrates.string particles are one dimensional particles of length equal to Planks length i,e 6.62607004 × 10^{-34 m 
Now let's look at its definition. the hieght}
Definition:

In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called string. It describes how these strings spread through space and interact with each other. At a large distance from the string scale, a string looks like a normal particle, in which its properties are determined by the vibrational position of its mass, charge and string. In string theory, one of the many vibration states of the string corresponds to gravity, which is a quantum mechanical particle that holds gravitational force. Thus string theory is a theory of quantum gravity.

String theory is a comprehensive and diverse subject that attempts to address many deep questions of fundamental physics. String theory has been applied to various types of problems in black hole physics, early universe cosmology, atomic physics, and federal substance physics, and it has encouraged many major developments in pure mathematics. Since string theory potentially provides an integrated description of gravity and particle physics, it is a candidate for the theory of everything, a self-sufficient mathematical model that describes the forms of all the fundamental forces and substances. Despite more work on these problems, it is not known whether string theory describes the real world or how much freedom the theory gives in the description of the theory.

String theory was first studied at the end of the 1960s as the principle of strong atomic force before leaving Quantum in favor of chromodynamics. After this, it was felt that many attributes that make string theory as nuclear physics theory make a promising candidate for the quantum theory of gravity. String theory, the oldest version of the Bosonic String theory, involves only a category of particles known as boson. Later it developed into the superstition theory, which gives rise to a connection between the bosons and the class of particles, called supercimetry, which is called fermin. The five continuous versions of the superstring theory were developed before deciding in the mid-1990s that they were all limiting matters of a theory in eleven dimensions that went into M-theory. In the second half of 1997, theorists discovered an important relationship called ADS / CFT correspondence, which is related to string theory from the second type of physical theory, which is called Quantum Field Theory.

One of the challenges of string theory is that in complete theory there is no satisfactory definition in all situations. Another issue is that the theory is thought to describe the vast landscape of potential universes, and in it there are intricate efforts to develop the principles of particle physics based on string theory. These issues have led some people in the community to criticize these views of physics in the community and to question the value of continuous research on integration of string theory.

Extra dimensions:

A tubular surface and the same one-dimensional curve.

An example of compactification: At large distances, two dimensional surface with a spherical dimension looks one-dimensional.

In everyday life, space has three familiar dimensions: height, width and length. Einstein's general theory of relativity treats time as a dimension equal to three spatial dimensions; In general relativity, space and time are not created in the form of individual units, but rather integrated for four-dimensional space time. In this framework, the phenomenon of gravity is seen as a result of spatetime's geometry.

In spite of the fact that the universe has been well described by four-dimensional space time, physicists have many reasons to consider the principles in other dimensions. In some cases, by modeling spacetime in different dimensions, a theory becomes more mathematically durable, and can calculate and get more general insights more easily. [B] There are also situations where theories are useful in two or three space-time dimensions, to describe the phenomenon in federal physics. In the end, there are scenarios which actually can have more than four dimensions of spacetime, still managed to avoid identity.

A notable feature of string theory is that these principles require additional dimensions of spacetime for their mathematical stability. In the Bosonic string theory, spacetime is 26-dimensional, while in suppressing theory it is 10-dimensional, and in M-theory it is 11-dimensional. To describe actual physical events using string theory, therefore, those scenarios should be visualized in which these additional dimensions will not be seen in experiments.

Visualization of a complex mathematical surface with many resolutions and self-intersection.

A cross section of a Quintal Calabi-Yau manifold

Compactification is a way of modifying the number of dimensions in physics theory. In compactification, to make some additional dimensions Circle, itself is considered "close up". In that range, where these curved dimensions become very small, one obtains a theory in which space time effectively has fewer dimensions. For this a standard analogy is to consider a multi-functional object such as a garden hose. If the hose is seen from a sufficient distance, it seems that its length is only one dimension. However, as a tube reaches, one finds that there is a second dimension, its circumference Thus, the ant crawling on the surface of the tube will move in two dimensions.

Compactification can be used to create models in which space time is effectively four-dimensional. However, a model with the right properties is not produced to describe nature in every way to compress additional dimensions. In a viable model of particle physics, compact extra dimensions should be shaped like a calcium-man fold. A kalby-yo manifold is a special place, which is generally considered to be six-dimensional in applications for string theory. It is named after the mathematician Eugenio Calabee and Shing-Tung Yo.

Another approach to reducing the number of dimensions is the so-called Bran-World scenario. In this approach, physicists believe that the observation universe is a four-dimensional sub-location of a high-dimensional space. In such a model, the force-carrier Boson of particle physics is produced from open wires with interval connected with the four-dimensional sub-space, whereas gravity is generated from the closed wires rotating through large ambient space. This idea plays an important role in the efforts of developing real world physics models based on string theory, and it provides natural explanation for gravitational weakness compared to other fundamental forces.

Black Hole:

In general relativity, black hole is defined as an area of ​​spacetime, in which the gravitational field is so strong that no particle or radiation can survive. In the current acceptable model of stellar evolution, black holes are produced when gravity collapses in large stars, and many galaxies are considered supermassive black holes in their centers. Black holes are also important because of theoretical reasons, because they present deep challenges for theorists in an effort to understand the quantum aspects of gravity. String theory has proved to be an important tool for the investigation of the theoretical properties of black holes because it provides a frame in which the theorists can study their thermodynamics.